Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat problems within a joint. This procedure involves inserting a small camera, called an arthroscope, into the joint through a small incision. The camera projects images of the inside of the joint onto a screen, allowing the surgeon to see and operate with precision. Arthroscopy is commonly used for joints such as the knee and shoulder to treat a variety of conditions.

Causes:

1. Knee Conditions:
   • Meniscal tears
   • Ligament injuries (ACL, PCL)
   • Cartilage damage
   • Loose bodies in the joint
   • Synovitis (inflammation of the joint lining)
2. Shoulder Conditions:
   • Rotator cuff tears
   • Labral tears (SLAP lesions)
   • Shoulder impingement syndrome
   • Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
   • Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Symptoms:

1. Knee Symptoms:
   • Pain and swelling
   • Limited range of motion
   • Instability or locking of the knee
   • Difficulty bearing weight
   • Clicking or popping sounds
2. Shoulder Symptoms:
   • Pain, especially during movement or at night
   • Stiffness and limited range of motion
   • Weakness in the shoulder
   • Catching, popping, or grinding sensations
   • Swelling or tenderness around the shoulder

Diagnosing:

1. Physical Examination: Assessment of joint function, range of motion, and stability.
2. Imaging Tests:
   • X-rays to detect bone abnormalities.
   • MRI or CT scans to visualize soft tissue structures like ligaments, cartilage, and tendons.
3. Arthroscopy: A minimally invasive procedure using a small camera (arthroscope) inserted into the joint to directly visualize the interior structures and identify problems.

Treatment Options:

1. Non-Surgical Treatments:
   • Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE)
   • Physical therapy and rehabilitation exercises
   • Anti-inflammatory medications and pain relievers
   • Corticosteroid injections
2. Arthroscopy Surgery:
   • Knee Arthroscopy:
     • Meniscus repair or removal
     • Ligament reconstruction (e.g., ACL reconstruction)
     • Cartilage repair or debridement
     • Removal of loose bodies
   • Shoulder Arthroscopy:
     • Rotator cuff repair
     • Labrum repair
     • Subacromial decompression
     • Removal of inflamed tissue or loose bodies
     • Treatment of shoulder instability

Prevention Tips:

1. Strengthening Exercises: Regular exercises to strengthen the muscles around the knee and shoulder to provide better support and stability.
2. Proper Technique: Use proper techniques in sports and physical activities to avoid joint strain and injuries.
3. Warm-Up and Stretching: Perform warm-up and stretching exercises before engaging in physical activities to prepare the joints and muscles.
4. Protective Gear: Use appropriate protective gear such as knee pads and shoulder braces during high-risk activities.
5. Weight Management: Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the knee joints.